After the end of the war, about 200,000 made it to Displaced Persons (“DP”) camps in West Germany. When they first arrived in Australia they had to stay at the migrant reception centre in Uranquinty in rural New South Wales. From 1947 on 6,228 Estonians emigrated from Germany to Australia. By this time many displaced persons had been repatriated to their countries of origin or resettled in new countries as part of the post-war immigration programmes of Allied nations. Tania has studied media and communication and worked in film and television, as well as running various film festivals. UNRRA had been established in November 1943 primarily for the purpose of repatriating the displaced persons. For Cold War students the book offers a case study of the role that relations between the victorious powers in 1946 had in the lives of Baltic refugees in Germany. The years of Estonian independence (1917-1940) had given a taste of freedom and so relocation to displaced person (DP) camps in post-war Germany was extremely painful. This writer’s distant relatives, Heino and Aili Lestal, lived at Geislingen after the war and said the conditions were very good. This provided peace of mind for those who feared being separated from their loved ones. These Scout and Girl Guide groups often provided postal delivery and other basic services in displaced persons camps. The exhibit was on view at the … Located in the hills surrounding Milan, Cremona was one of the largest displaced persons (DP) camps in northern Italy. Millions of people were left homeless and had to rely on foreign aid for survival. Camps in British Occupation Zone, boxes D19-D25 6. They established their own newspapers, workshops, theatres and training centres that created a sense of community within the camps. Sc… In August and September of 1944, during the Second World War, tens of thousands of people were desperate to get onto any ship that stayed afloat, including tiny wooden fishing boats, to flee war-ravaged Estonia that would be occupied by the Soviet Union until 1991. Study guide for all the 1945-1949 holocaust of all nationalities during World War II, Ukrainians, Polish, Germans, Latvians, Estonians, Italians, French, Yugoslavs, Catholic, Orthodox, Jews and other religions. Of the people who managed to flee Estonia by 1944, the majority of them took refuge in nearby Sweden and Germany. Unlike other schemes, which required DPs to have personal sponsorship from a friend or relative already residing in the prospective country, the Australian government took on the role of sponsor itself, hence making the process a lot easier for applicants. Photos, E … Many people found love while living in the camps, which would have come as a welcome distraction considering the perils they faced. The announcement of new mass emigration programs offered by countries experiencing labour shortages triggered an out flux of people living in DP camps during 1948 and 1949. The largest Estonian camps were in Geislingen, Augsburg and Lübeck, with several thousand Estonian refugees in each.The circumstances in a DP camp largely depended on the specific military power administering the zone and on the refugee organisation. Among other tasks, the coalition partners had to take care of the refugees (displaced persons) in their respective zones. This brooch was presented to Esma Banner on her birthday, with the date '28.07.1949' engraved on the reverse. After WWII Europe was in a state of total ruin. During and after World War II, until the early 1950s, Scouting and Guiding flourished in these camps. The Soviet Union had deported over 10,000 people to Siberia and executed or imprisoned many of the Republic of Estonia’s former politicians, ministers, judges, priests, business people and land owners. The mass migration schemes after WWII were a great success. The stormy seas and enemy fire claimed the lives of up to 9% of the refugees, it is estimated. It housed between 1,000 and 1,200 refugees in 1945-47. Many DPs preferred the Australian resettlement scheme for one very distinct reason – the country was very far away from Europe and its turmoil. Those who refused to resettle or were unable to do so, were integrated into local society, a process which was completed by the early 1950s. By the end of 1945, the military authorities managed to repatriate over five million displaced persons, but they soon realised it was not possible to do the same with the Baltic peoples. For Estonians, fear of Soviet Communist control was a strong deterrent. The refugees (' displaced persons ') were also looked after by various international refugee organisations and the Red Cross. The Australian program, known as the “DP Group Resettlement Scheme”, was viewed favourably by the IRO and DPs for several reasons. A "displaced persons camp" is a temporary facility for displaced persons, whether refugees or internally displaced persons. In order to establish whether the camp inmates qualified for international assistance, screenings were carried out. Sometimes DPs had to use accommodation that was previously used by forced labourers or that was either very basic or substandard. In 1945 the military missions in the British, American and French sectors established DP camps to provide temporary shelter, nutrition and health care to refugees. Not all the Estonian refugees made it. The certificates also confirmed they had not been convicted of any crime or misdemeanour. Titled The Last Million: Europe’s Displaced Persons From World War to Cold War, the text follows the “ three to five years [refugees spent] in displaced persons camps, temporary homelands in … Other activities included scouts and guide groups, handicraft, dance and drama circles, choirs and sport. It appears the AEF identity cards the Allies began issuing in 1945 to refugees, showing parents‘ names, birthplace, occupation, and “destination”. Some camps housed only Estonians, others had representatives of many nationalities. When West Germany's last camps for "Displaced Persons" were closed in the early 1960s, 19,336 people had received assistance from UNHCR and 3,325 flats had been built with the agency's financial support. This writer’s Estonian grandmother Hertha had dreams of immigrating to America but unfortunately her application was rejected. The overwhelming majority of Estonians did not favour any occupying force – the country had simply been sandwiched during the Second World War between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Persons displaced in the aftermath of the Second World War ended up in Displaced Persons Camps in Europe run by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency (UNRRA) and the IRO. The refugees were also looked after by various international refugee organisations and the Red Cross. UNRRA established the Central Tracing Bureau to help survivors locate relatives who had survived the concentration camps. Refugees were officially referred to as the displaced persons (abbreviated as DP). Germany had approximately 200,000 Baltic people registered as displaced persons in 1945 with 33,000 of them being Estonian. About 27,000 Estonians left Germany after several years in the displaced persons' camps and settled, overseas. In addition, Australia not only accepted single men and women into the programme but also welcomed families too. “In 2014, the Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture, together the Latvian Folk Art Museum and the Chicago Estonian House, are planning a yearlong series of exhibits, events and programs commemorating 70 years since the mass westward flight of Baltic Displaced Persons, refugees from the war-torn Baltic republics. The displaced persons camps and centers in Germany came into existence in 1945 as a result of the liberation of masses of inmates from the Nazi concentration camps and forced labor units. Estonians started fleeing to Sweden already in the spring of 1943, but the exodus intensified in August 1944 and achieved its peak from 19-23 September 1944, when it became clear that the German front was collapsing and the Soviet military forces were about to occupy Estonia again. They had no choice but to get by the best way they could. The attempt to reunite families went hand-in-hand with the creation of new ones; there were many weddings and many births in the DP camps. Germany was occupied by the allies and divided into four sectors – British, American, French and Soviet. Thousands found themselves in displaced persons’ (DP) camps in Germany, which became their temporary home for a number of years. Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe were established in Germany, Austria, and Italy, primarily for refugees from Eastern Europe and for the former inmates of the Nazi German concentration camps. ​After the end of World War II in Europe in 1945, Germany and German-occupied Austria were divided into four occupation zones by the allied coalition (USA, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union). Estonian refugees mostly gathered in DP camps in the American and British occupation zones in Germany. Accommodation varied from camp to camp, buildings such as military barracks, schools, hospitals, private homes, hotels and even airports were used to house people. Estonian Displaced Person Ylo Korgemagi arrived in Canada in 1949 on board the Franconia . Heino and Aili married at Geislingen and spent their “honeymoon” and New Year’s Eve on board the “Vollendam” as she sailed to Australia in 1948. The largest Estonian camps were in Geislingen, Augsburg and Lübeck, with several thousand Estonian refugees in each. During such testing, every camp inhabitant had to answer certain questions and pass a health check. Working with the young was considered essential: kindergartens and schools started in DP camps, and the Baltic University was founded in the British zone. Aili, now a spiritedly 91-year-old woman living in Canada, remembers that Geislingen was a purely Estonian DP camp, consisting of approximately 2,000 people who lived in confiscated German houses. Things we still enjoy today. Among other tasks, the coalition partners had to take care of the refugees in their respective zones. Many countries took in refugees, here are the total resettlement figures: Venezuela 17,000; Belgium 22,000; Brazil 29,000; Argentina 33,000; France 38,000; UK 86,000;  Canada 157,687; Australia 182,159; United States 400,000. Currently operating a small online giftshop and freelancing in media. For example, they wouldn’t accept anyone who suffered from tuberculosis or who had served in the German Army. All migrants had to fulfil a two-year work contract to the Australian government; then, once that was complete, they were granted residency and had complete freedom of movement. Photos courtesy of Tania Lestal and Estonica.org. Their main task was to arrange daily life in a camp (the inhabitants usually had to work in the kitchen, look after the whole territory, secure order, heat the buildings, etc), convey information to people and communicate with other camps. The timber structures were often damp and cold, prime conditions for tuberculosis to set in. She received it while working as a secretary and employment and welfare officer for the … The living conditions differed considerably. The early 1950s marked the end of post-World War II displaced persons camps in Germany as the IRO’s administrative activities began to draw to a close. When people first arrived at one of these DP camps they often experienced a sense of relief. Read Estonian World founders appeal here and please consider becoming a supporter. They had settled in eastern Germany, and then fled across Germany to the British Zone by bicycle as the Soviets advanced, sticking to back roads to keep from being shot. Australia has benefitted greatly from its migrant population and everyone lives in relative harmony. This working system was duplicated dozens of times around the world. Anniversary of the Republic of Estonia in a DP camp. One photograph shows a room with simple wooden beds. The small room housed four refugee families. In the … There were 17 people living in the house where Aili lived; her future husband Heino lived in the house next door. The buildings these people lived in were originally built by the Blohn & Voss Company (a shipping and engineering firm) to house forced labourers who worked in their factory during the war. The refugees were scared of the screenings as they feared that the information thus acquired would be passed on to the Soviet representatives, and the refugees would be forcefully repatriated. Large property and businesses had been confiscated. Scouting has been active in displaced persons camps and in the lives of refugees since World War I. Three-quarters of the million in the DP camps were not Jewish. Their language was Indo-European** including Lettish, Lithuanian and the extinct Old Prussian. The exhibit “NO HOME TO GO TO: THE STORY OF BALTIC DISPLACED PERSONS, 1944-1952”, officially opened at UN Headquarters in New York on August 23 followed by a reception. Von der Jugend des Estnischen Displaced Persons Camp 1945 – 1950 anläßlich ihres Besuches im September 2008.“ On Friday evening the group enjoyed a chilly and windy early evening and a few refreshments around the ruins of Helfenstein Castle – to watch the sun go down, Dr. Maddisson had said, but gloomy rain had set in. The largest Estonian camps were in Geislingen, Augsburg and Lübeck, with several thousand Estonian refugees in each. Belgium was the first country to offer large scale immigration, seeking 20,000 coal miners. The refugees ('displaced persons') were also looked after by various international refugee organisations and the Red Cross. This writer’s Estonian grandparents met and fell in love while living at Zoo Camp in Hamburg. Many Estonians had hoped the US Army might go and liberate Estonia from the Red Army, but this never happened; in fact it was never on the Americans’ agenda. Photographs document the arrival of Baltic “displaced persons” at the various camps. Tania Lestal is a third generation Estonian born in Australia. Displaced Persons - Baltic* people in DP camps Baltic States* were formerly independent republics of Estonia, Latviaand Lithuania, sometimes including Finland. For the Estonians living in the displaced persons’ camps, all they could do was wait and see what their future would hold. Many migrants later took up Australian citizenship and permanently settled in Australia while others left and were reunited with family members in other countries. Approximately sixty million people had been killed; nations torn apart and between 11 million and 20 million Europeans were left displaced. Toward the end of 1945 and in the beginning of 1946, the majority of Lithuanian refugees in Germany were transferred to refugee camps, otherwise known as Displaced Persons Camps, which were maintained and administered by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), and from 1947 by its successor — the International Refugee Organization (IRO). Public radio broadcasts and newspapers contained lists of survivors and their whereabouts. Peter's parents fled twice. Some of the flats are still inhabited by the first generation of "Displaced Persons", such as … In particular, Zoo Camp that was located in Hamburg, had many cases of tuberculosis which resulted in numerous deaths. Cover: Estonian refugee children in Hamburg ca. Under the provisions of the Displaced Persons Act, many made their way westward on immigrant ships or military transport ships. The Soviet Union had … He remembers being introduced to pork sausages and cornflakes on the journey. Red Cross and Gold Fund, boxes D25-D26 7. The UK and Canada also offered a number of opportunities but required sponsorship. Even though the war was over, their countries were still occupied by the Soviet Army and returning home would mean persecution, deportation or even death. The camp population was predominantly Jewish and was continuously in flux due to its proximity to the Austrian border, where Jews hoped to cross into Italy and arrange emigration. They enabled people not only to rebuild their lives and live in peace but also to contribute positively to society. In the beginning, when DP camps were first established, the living conditions were quite dire. Displaced Persons camps At the end of World War II up to 20 million people were without a home. Upon departing DP camps people were issued with a “Good Conduct Certificate” stating their name, date of birth and the date they first started residing at the camp. Camp Geislingen, boxes D7-D8 3. Embroidery was also very popular. A Latvian Dictionary from the Displaced Person’s Camps and how it tells a story of life in the DP Camps for Latvian DPs (All photographs courtesy of Alex Mazers) I recently met with Alex Mazers a second generation Latvian in the South West who is trying to research her Latvian family history. Each family occupied one room, Aili says, enabling them to have at least some privacy. Tuberculosis was rife is some camps. Overcrowding was often an issue, food shortages were common and if camp life wasn’t challenging enough, people were faced with a new peril – the outbreak of tuberculosis. They lived in Displaced Persons camps. In 1947 and 1948 about 7,000 Estonians were able to leave Germany for Great Britain under labor agreements. Background. They brought with them their skills, knowledge, culture and cuisine. Camps in French Occupation Zone, boxes D17-D18 5. There they learned about the Australian culture and to speak English. Although screeners were not, as a rule malicious, they tried to screen 8–10% of displaced persons out of the camps. Later in 1945, the running of the camps was handed over to the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and then later to the International Refugee Organisation (IRO) in 1947. A newspaper was issued in bigger camps. Traditional Estonian metal brooch with engraved design, an example of Estonian craftswork that was created by a displaced person at a US Zone displaced persons camp in Germany in July 1949. 1945. For example, this writer’s grandmother Hertha’s number was 064057. They married shortly after arriving in Australia in 1949. The thoroughness of screenings varied, depending among other things on the head of the camp and his political views. After a brief time in a refugee camp in Ajax, Ontario, his father found work in Toronto, Ontario. Some refugees were accommodated in well-ordered sanatoriums in pretty natural spots, while others had to make do with unheated sports halls. As many of the DPs who fled the Baltic states were intellectuals, farmers, craftsmen and artists, they brought a lot of useful skills with them to the camps. One way in which Estonians dealt with the chaos and trauma of WWII and its aftermath was through choral singing. Every DP was entitled to a regular small amount of ‘pocket money’, although the chances of finding work outside the camp were limited.DP camps closed after the inhabitants were settled in other countries. The United States was late to adopt a refugee policy and had several exclusions. Many countries generously opened their doors to take in these refugees who went on to lead productive lives in their new adopted countries. * Please note that this article was originally published on 14 September 2015 and amended on 19 September 2019. She enjoys travelling and has lived in London, Berlin, Munich and Sydney. In the largest Estonian camp, Geislingen, 618 out of 5000 persons were screened out of the camp in October 1946. Displaced camps in Europe, Germany, Italy, France and more. Many refused to return to their former countries as boundaries and ideologies had changed. Screenings started almost immediately after the camps were set up and occurred repeatedly. Not all DP camps struggled with health and welfare issues, for example, Geislingen Camp, located near Stuttgart (American sector) was described as “the Hilton of DP camps”. The overwhelming majority of Estonians did not favour any occupying force – the country had simply been sandwiched during the Second World War between the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union had briefly occupied Estonia from 1940-1941 and caused more suffering to the population than Nazi Germany – which explains why so many Estonians feared the communist state more. The Immigration Story of Reet Marley (Estonian Displaced Person) The Museum reviews and accepts donated personal or family memories and histories into its collection. People were grouped together according to nationality in DP camps. She lived in the US for years, having been born in a German displaced persons’ camp. She later joined her husband in Australia and it was there where they started their new life together. Estonian World is in a dire need of your support. In 1945, a million Jewish, Polish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Ukrainian and volksdeutsche refugees in displaced persons camps in Germany and Austria faced resettlement. Camps in US Occupation Zone, boxes D9-D16 4. Soon after liberation, survivors began searching for their families. In the summer of 1945 the Latvians in West Germany were situated in over more than 300 refugee camps maintained by the UNRRA (United Nation Relief and Rehabilitation Administration – founded in 9 November 1943). The camp life was on the whole unstable and the inhabitants constantly feared being sent back to the Soviet Union.Soon after the Estonian refugees were settled in DP camps, they organised Estonian Committees. Estonian refugees mostly gathered in DP camps in the American and British occupation zones in Germany. The Baltic University had its origins at Zoo Camp until the students were relocated to nearby Pinneberg where the stone buildings were much better. In 1990 she came to Estonia for the first time. Please support the “No Home To Go To” exhibition city tour and programs, including lectures, film screenings, concerts, and book presentations; the continued collection and archiving of Baltic displaced persons’ testimonies, history, and artifacts; and the ongoing development of the permanent online virtual exhibition at this dedicated address: www.displacedpersons.org. Camp life was culturally very rich, in particular for the Baltic peoples. Helgi Leesment, an eventual immigrant to Vancouver, made the voyage in 1951. Mari-Ann Kelam was the Vice President of the Estonian American National Council from 1986–92. The camps offered a degree of security; a roof over their heads, regular meals and the possibility of being reunited with their lost loved ones. The exhibit was presented by the Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture in Chicago, in cooperation with the Permanent Mission of Lithuania to the United Nations in New York.. Most Estonian-American refugees came from camps in Germany. As a learning institution, the accounts help us understand how individuals recollect, interpret, or … Estonians started fleeing to Sweden already in the spring of 1943, but the exodus intensified in August 1944 and achieved its peak from 19-23 September 1944, when it became clear that the German front was collapsing and the Soviet military forces were about to occupy Estonia again. The NKVD, the feared Soviet secret police that was known for extrajudicial executions, had committed at last one prisoner massacre also in Estonia (in Tartu), killing 193 detainees. But people couldn’t afford to be complacent; they lived in daily fear of being extradited to the Soviet Union. The Arolsen Archives, which hold the UNRRA/IRO and ITS records for prisoners of war, dp camps, and displaced persons are now searchable on line. Although initially reluctant to accept these refugees, the Canadian government announced a program in 1947 to bring displaced persons to Canada as contract workers. The original plan for the DP camps was to repatriate people to their country of origin as quickly as possible. The workshops produced some very fine handcrafted goods made from wood, leather and textiles. Upon arrival people registered their details and were given a DP identification number. Hundreds of camps existed all over Germany and in parts of Austria and Italy. 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